La emoción de miedo es la más primitiva de todas, encontrándose asociada a la principal característica o finalidad de cualquier ser vivo, es decir, la supervivencia. Dicha emoción ha recibido mucha atención por parte de los psicólogos y el propio Sigmund Freud llegó a considerarla como el problema central de la neurosis.
En cuanto a los desencadenantes de la emoción de miedo, al igual que con el resto de emociones, resultan muy difíciles de acotar, ya que cualquier estímulo puede dar lugar al miedo en alguna persona. El prestigioso biólogo Mayr propuso la existencia de tres tipos de miedos distintos en función del estímulo desencadenante:
- Miedo no comunicativo, producido como consecuencia de seres no vivos.
- Miedo ínterespecífico, que surge en relación a otros animales.
- Miedo intraespecífico, que se produce como consecuencia de otros individuos de la misma especie.
El denominador común en todas las situaciones que producen miedo es su capacidad para poner en funcionamiento en la persona el sistema de conducta aversiva, que proporciona la activación necesaria para evitar la situación o escapar de ella. En este sentido, diversos estudios llevados a cabo por prestigiosos psicólogos obtuvieron que existe una especial preprogramación para experimentar miedo ante determinadas situaciones, tales como depredadores, semejantes hostiles o desastres naturales. La activación rápida y automática de las respuestas de evitación se encuentra programada en la dotación genética de prácticamente todos los mamíferos, incluido el ser humano. De este modo, cuanto antes se active el sistema de evitación o escape, más probable será que ese individuo consiga el éxito, entendiendo dicho éxito en términos de incremento en la probabilidad de lograr la adaptación y la supervivencia.
En general, se produce la emoción de miedo cuando existe un estímulo, evento o situación que, tras la valoración realizada por el individuo, resulta significativamente relacionada con la amenaza física, psíquica o social del organismo. El proceso de valoración asociado a la emoción de miedo tiene connotaciones de pérdida, de ocurrencia futura y de relativa inmediatez. Por ejemplo, la mayor parte de los seres humanos tienen miedo a la muerte, si bien sólo sienten miedo auténtico cuando perciben que la muerte está próxima. La inmediatez denota peligro, y el peligro desencadena la emoción de miedo.
Las funciones del miedo se encuentran relacionadas con la adaptación. Es decir, una persona que siente miedo toma conciencia de la dificultad de la situación y de lo que puede perder, y como consecuencia de esos análisis, actúa escapando o enfrentándose a dicha situación. Es por esta razón que la emoción de miedo adquiere connotaciones de potencial motivadora de conductas relacionadas con la supervivencia, actuando como una especie de sensor que avisa del riesgo vital
Por otra parte, existe una asociación entre el tipo de situación que produce la emoción de miedo y el patrón psicofisiológico que se activa. 
Así, cuando la emoción de miedo se produce por la ocurrencia de un estímulo que permite la conducta de escape, como podría ser la presencia de un depredador, la respuesta psicofisiológica se caracteriza por un incremento en la frecuencia cardíaca así como por una facilitación de los reflejos de defensa. Sin embargo, cuando el estímulo que produce la emoción de miedo es por ejemplo un cadáver con signos de violencia, la respuesta psicofisiológica se caracteriza por una inmovilización corporal y una disminución de la frecuencia cardíaca.
En términos generales, las manifestaciones conductuales asociadas a la emoción de miedo tienen que ver con la evitación o con el afrontamiento de la situación o evento que amenaza la integridad de un individuo, si bien dicha amenaza no tiene por qué ser real, simplemente llega con que el individuo perciba la situación como amenazante. A la hora de afrontar o evitar los estímulos desencadenantes del miedo, los individuos pueden hacerlo de una manera activa o pasiva.
Un aspecto muy importante y que ha generado cierto debate en el ámbito de la psicología, tiene que ver con la relación entre miedo y ansiedad, ya que determinados factores relacionados con el miedo se solapan con factores propios de la ansiedad y viceversa. Sobre esta relación entre miedo y ansiedad han surgido diferentes perspectivas a lo largo de la historia. De hecho, Freud habló de la ansiedad como un componente relacionado con la expectativa de un trauma, ya que observó que la ansiedad se encontraba relacionada con la expectativa y las personas estaban más ansiosas cuando esperaban que ocurriera algo. 
Otra perspectiva clásica fue la de Sullivan, que estableció una distinción entre miedo y ansiedad, manteniendo que por una parte el miedo era una reacción de auto protección a una situación nueva o aversiva, mientras que la ansiedad tenía un mayor componente cultural y relacionado con la educación de cada persona. En este sentido, para Sullivan, el miedo se trataba de una respuesta incondicionada a estímulos potencialmente destructivos o nocivos, mientras que la ansiedad constituía una respuesta condicionada de miedo que aparecía fundamentalmente ante situaciones nuevas. Otras visiones más modernas y actuales son la de Eysenck, que consideró la ansiedad como un caso concreto de miedo aprendido, o la postura mantenida por Gray, que sostuvo que la ansiedad puede ser entendida, bien como un estado de miedo elicitado por ciertos estímulos condicionados asociados al castigo, bien como la anticipación de la frustración producida por otros estímulos.
Por último, decir que el miedo constituye una emoción básica muy compleja, tanto a la hora de delimitarla como de entenderla. Dado su carácter universal, unido al hecho de que todos los seres humanos en algún momento de sus vidas han sentido miedo, lo cierto es que muchas personas, procedentes de diferentes ámbitos, se han interesado por dicha emoción. Entre ellas Pablo Neruda, que escribió los siguientes versos acerca del miedo:
Tengo miedo de todo el mundo,
del agua fría, de la muerte.
Soy como todos los mortales,
inaplazable.
Por eso en estos cortos días
no voy a tomarlos en cuenta,
voy a abrirme y voy a encerrarme
con mi más pérfido enemigo.
Hola!
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